IB economics internal assessment portfolio Essay

IB economics internal assessment portfolio - Essay Example However, the proportion of investment to GDP remains relatively unchanged, during the period of higher economic growth. The service sector in China is growing exponentially, which is not accounted for while calculating the GDP and the sector plays a crucial role in Chinese economy. Consistently high investment rate in China implies high rates of domestic saving which are exceptional not only by international standards, but more particularly for an economy at China's level of per capita GDP. Gross domestic product is the total value of new goods and services produced in a given year within the borders of a country, regardless of by whom. It is "gross" in the sense that it does not deduct depreciation of previously produced capital, in contrast to Net domestic product. There is two ways of calculating GDP, i.e., Income approach and expenditure approach. The income approach takes into account the income earned by the citizen. Sometime it is more important than GDP if a country has much foreign direct investment and many foreigners work in the country. Although about 70% of its population lives in the rural area, China's economic growth depends very much on the rapid expansion of manufacturing and service sector rather than on the agriculture, except for the earlier phase of the 1980s. The value added of industrial sector has accounted for 45% of China's GDP, while that of agriculture only about 10% and still declines. This gives rise to growing rural urban income disparity. The inequality within China has had mainly spatial dimensions, in terms of growing income and consumption inequality between rural and urban areas as well as across regions. Aggregate demand curve is the graph of quantity demanded as a function of price, normally downward sloping, straight or curved, and drawn with quantity on the horizontal axis and price on the vertical axis. In macro economy, aggregate demand curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that purchasers are willing to buy at different price levels. The aggregate is negatively related to price. The inverse relationship between price and the amount demanded of a specific commodity, reflects the fact that consumers turn to substitutes when a price increase makes a good more expensive. The aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because of wealth effect on the consumption, interest rate effect on investment and the exchange rate effect on the net export. The aggregate supply curve reflects how the price is determined given the aggregate demand to aggregate capacity. The short-run aggregate supply curve indicates the various quantities of goods and services that firms wil l supply at different price levels during the period immediately following a change in the price level. The aggregate supply curve is upward sloping because with an increase in output the price or inflation rate will increase. Changes in aggregate demand cause the curve to shift outward (to the right) or inward (to the left). Changes in aggregate supply cause the curve to shift outward (down) or inward (up). Meanwhile increase in output also indicates the increase in employment and thus the decrease in unemployment rate. The unemployment is an important problem of micro economic theory which is calculated by the ratio of unemployment to the total labour force. There is a significant relation between

Organizational Development Essay Example for Free

Organizational Development Essay John F. Kennedy was quoted as saying â€Å"Change is the law of life, and those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.† The world is in a constant state of motion. No one should expect things to always stay the same. Organizations require technologies and human resources in order to operate. A business needs to operate by learning from the past and planning for the future. Since, the economic collapse of 2008, the idea that any company is ‘too big to fail’ has been thrown out the proverbial ‘business window’. Business is now practiced in a global market and technologies have made the world a smaller place. â€Å"Managers and their organizations must anticipate the future and become proactive players.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, part 1.) Consider companies like Blockbuster Video. The demise of Blockbuster proves that leadership did not look to the future. This company considered itself to be the standard. Where is Blockbuster now? Instead of being an industry leader, it is trying to regain its footing in a marketplace it once dominated. Why? Blockbuster failed to take its competitors seriously. It did not consider technology surpassing the company’s own perception of practicing business. â€Å"In 2002 (Blockbuster) had 8,000 stores and a market value of $3 billion. Today, movie-by-mail Netflix is worth nearly three times that much. And Blockbuster is broke.† (Gandell, S., 2010, paragraph 19.) Successful companies are looking to the future as they learn from the past and present. Organizations that are successful will operate without ego, effectively communicate throughout the organization, and constantly reinvent themselves. Organizations need to be in constant development in order to move forward with any success. In this paper, I intend to define the importance of organizational development as it relates to my own company’s recent sale to a new group of owners. I intend to define organizational development as it relates to organizational trust, a strong practitioner-client relationship, the imperative nature of the diagnostic phase, effective communication between ownership and employees, and the importance of strategy as it relates to a successful transfer of ownership and culture to an organization. Organizations need to know when organizational development is necessary. I am a Managing Partner in the restaurant business. I currently have about 50 employees that I am responsible for. Recently, the restaurant I am running was sold to a South African group of owners. The owners actually bought two restaurants from the local restaurant group I was working for. After studying the Charlotte market and other markets throughout this great country of ours, the South African owners decided that Charlotte, NC would give them the best opportunity to grow a restaurant chain. The owners currently have over 150 restaurants in South Africa and this is their first venture into the United States. Once the sale became final, the owners began to evaluate all the current systems and business practices of the restaurants. The new owners began to re-develop the organization by defining its existing and future organizational identity. The owners sat down with staff and management to get an understanding of what the restaurants meant to each staff member. â€Å"The identity will provide an advantage if it is well aligned with the organizational strategy and well suited to the market niche, because identities tend to be socially complex and path dependent, and therefore difficult to imitate.† (Salgado, S.R., 2003, page 65.) The owners became the practitioners of change by purchasing the restaurants. After the sale became final, it was time to develop a sense of trust from the existing staff and management. One way of gaining that trust is to value the opinions of the current members of the organization. The new owners showed that they valued staff opinion of organizational identity. This process helped to develop the fundamental need to build a positive practitioner-client relationship. The new owners need an employee landscape that is friendly, not hostile. There is no way the new organization can move forward with a negative culture. Once trust was established, the new owners were able to begin to identify issues, problems, and opportunities each restaurant was having. The five fundamental stages of organizational development are: â€Å"anticipate the need for change, develop the practitioner-client relationship, the diagnostic phase, action plans, strategies, and techniques, and self-renewal, monitor, and stabilize.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 18). Ownership has followed the principles of organizational change and development in a very smart way. The new owners worked on building a strong practitioner-client relationship while gathering information about the businesses. They remained very approachable and worked hard to assist with the agreed upon change lists. Ownership made everyone feel as though they were not there to change what was not broken. Employees were made to feel proud about the restaurants they worked in. By developing such a good and trusting relationship, change has come easier. Once trust was established, new ownership quickly moved to the third fundamental of organizational development, the diagnostic phase. â€Å"Organizational diagnostic models and surveys have often been demonstrated by practitioners to be very effective in supporting organizational development   programs.† (Goldstein, L. and Burke, W. (1991), Vol. 19, page 5.) Diagnostic models are designed to help organizational development practitioners to â€Å"categorize data about the organization, enhance understanding about organizational problems, interpret data systematically, (and) provide appropriate change strategies.† (Lok, P., Crawford, J., 2000, page 108.) The practitioners have been reviewing every facet of the restaurant’s business practices. Ownership is constantly evaluating the effectiveness of each system. Technologies, equipment, and managerial functions are all reviewed and measured to the new standards and goals set forth by the owners. The ownership designed a â€Å"team approach to setting and reviewing targets, real participation by subordinates in setting goals, with an emphasis on mutually agreed upon goals, mutual trust between subordinate and manager, and a real concern for personal career goals as well as for organizational goals.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 327.) Ownership felt that the technologies were not tied in together very well. Ownership felt that the current gathering of data was cumbersome and inaccurate. The practitioners felt that the clients needed to stream-line the ways in which data was collected. By reviewing every program and system of accounting, the new owners were able to determine that updating would be necessary in order to move the two concepts forward. Looking to future growth was not going to happen for the organization until both concepts were able to produce accurate information about the actual business. Ownership also determined that it wanted its managers out in the restaurant more. There was simply too much to do in the office while running the restaurants. The practitioners asked current upper management to clearly define the responsibilities of each manager and chef position. At this point, the culture of the new organization had begun to take shape. Clearly defined roles and a change in managerial philosophies have started to grow. I have witnessed what I believe is a very successful transformation of culture. Responsibilities are clearly communicated. Accountability has improved. By creating clearly defined roles, the effectiveness of each manager is much easier to measure. At times, however, communication has been inconsistent. The massive restructuring of all current systems has taken a toll on some people in the organization. Missed deadlines and unforeseen problems have occurred. The way in which the new ownership has responded to the unforeseen issues has been impressive. I feel that new ownership has shown an unwavering amount of dedication to the new organizational vision it has set in place. Considering the amount of change, the owners have been very clear and approachable throughout the transformation. I respect and support their efforts in remaining approachable and supportive. They exude an understanding of what each existing member or employee is going through.   Ownership has been very aware of the ego state of the organization. â€Å"Every interaction between people involves a transaction between their ego states. When one person converses with a second person, the first person is in a distinct ego state and can direct the message to an y of the three ego states in the second individual.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 230.) Ownership has made every effort to have open and complementary transactions with groups and individuals throughout the organization. At the same time, they have also shown that the organization will move forward with or without its current members. Holding people accountable has been extremely important. â€Å"In todays changing environment, organizations that encourage individual ability and hold employees accountable for achieving goals are more likely to succeed.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 381.) The practitioners have been able to accentuate individual strengths and weaknesses within its existing employee body. This approach has brought on a spirit of contribution to the cause of the new vision presented to the ‘old guards’ of the organization. This is a very clever approach to affecting change. Also, the new leaders of the organization have discovered some hidden talents within its current team-members. Finding an existing and in-place pool of needed skills has helped the new leaders keep an aggressive time-line for the development of change. New owners did not have to look completely outside the organization for skills that will enable change. Instead, new owners were able to motivate change by looking for solutions internally. Looking for hidden talents helped to reaffirm the positive culture of opportunity and renewed perceptions of the employee skillset. An internal approach to solving or rectifying identified issues has also kept the cost of change down. Existing members already have a sense of where the shared vision of the company is going. Existing staff has a greater stake in the organization’s success. Because of shareholder accountability, ownership is smart to look internally for as many talents as possible. Ownership believed by stream-lining technologies and accounting systems, it could improve the quality of the guest experience and profitability of its organization. Ownership started this process by surveying all existing management to try and determine what each manager actually knew about the existing programs and technologies. A methodical and measured approach to re-designing office systems will enable the organization to become more consistent in gathering data and measuring the performance of both restaurants. Their  vision of the future of the organization has been effectively shared with everyone involved . The deadlines for improvements have been followed-up effectively. A weekly meeting between ownership and upper management takes place. In these meetings, organizational effectiveness is measured by how well goals and objectives are accomplished. At first, goals were very broad and basic. Managers were asked to evaluate their knowledge of existing point of sale programs, invoicing programs, and budgetary knowledge. Once ownership felt it had acquired enough knowledge about existing systems, the project or ‘goal’ chart was updated and tasks became more narrow and specialized in focus. Managers were held accountable to their goals based on their strengths or expertise. For example, one manager is very adept with computers. This has become his area of focus for the remainder of the re-development of the organization. â€Å"The collection of data is an important activity providing the organization and the practitioner with a better understanding of client system problems: the diagnosis.† (Brown, D.R., 2011, page 19.) Ownership has been very diligent about data accuracy. Every number and system has been reviewed for accuracy and consistency. In order for the company to move forward, ownership has to determine what is and what is not vital to the new organizational vision. Ownership has already picked two new sites for additional restaurants. It is important that both restaurants operate in the same way as the business grows. This is why organizational effectiveness has to be optimized and not hap-hazard. â€Å"Organizational practitioners need to assess the influence of variables in diagnostic models on organizational outcomes, and effectiveness has often been used as the primary outcome measurement. (Handy, 1985, p. 85; Burke and Litwin, 1992). The new owners have done an excellent job moving the new organization through a surprising change of ownership. I have enjoyed watching how these new owners have handled the organizational development of the restaurant. Organizational change and development is certainly not easy. Leadership from the owners to the managers has to stay on course with the changes. Total commitment and a positive attitude are necessary. Negativity spreads like wildfire when redeveloping an organization. The owners have worked hard to cope and shape their environments, through the way they organize and operate their organization. The history of organizational development has to be an interesting one. As I watch these new owners re-tool both establishments, I wonder if they are taking the same course in organizational development that I am. The owners have to pass forward their beliefs or values as to what the restaurants should be. Things that worked before might be tossed. New things are   introduced. The style of service and the menu, the technology, are all things the owners have to push forward to current and new employees. All the while, business is ongoing. The doors are open. Customers are hearing of the sale and are passionate about the changes. Some changes are subtle. Some changes are extreme. How does the ownership remain familiar to what the concept once was? The entire process is exhausting. The public’s resistance to change is fierce at times. One very popular item on the menu was discontinued when the new menu was rolled out. Granted, the menu had not changed in four years. Servers and cooks were tired of doing the same thing every day. The item that was discontinued was actually a very bland and tasteless item. Servers and cooks hated selling it. There was excitement and concern when the new ownership wanted to get rid of it. We all knew we were in for it when the new menu came out. Sure enough, customers have missed not having this item on the menu. Customers have been very vocal about this one item. Ownership feels that quality ingredients, perfect preparation, and impeccable service will build sales. There is a determination that the new regime can move past this one dish and convince the fickle public that there are a lot of other good reasons to dine at our restaurants. We are doing more than trying to keep our existing clientele. We are building a new clientele. Whatever perceptions the public had of us before does not matter. It is interesting to hear the complaints about some of our changes. All the while, most of the same staff works at the restaurant. The only real changes the public see are dress codes and menu changes. Otherwise, most change is behind the scenes. Because of the intense scrutiny mistakes in service or execution of the shift has to be perfect. We cannot afford to be less than perfect right now. Complacency has no place in the restaurant business. To be successful, we should always be looking ahead and learning from our past mistakes. We should always challenge ourselves to be better than we were yesterday. We are always training and learning. Managers should be acting as coaches and mentors to the staff. Management at all levels should not only ‘talk the talk’, they should ‘walk the walk’. However, the complaints are not always fair. The new menu is terrific. Quality and service are actually better than ever. The new owners spent a lot of money to help update and fix equipment that was vital to running the restaurant. Ownership has brought in more management and has improved the morale of the restaurant, not to mention the quality of life for all salaried people like myself. There has been a certain camaraderie resulting from moving toward common goals with other people. There is now a belief that we are a better place today because of our efforts. The best interventions from a   values point of view are those that help clients prepare their place in the future, whether its creation or adaptation. I am sure as we move forward that we will come in to our own again. The once faithful group of regulars will either go their own way or forgive us. Organizational development is a change strategy. â€Å"OD principles and techniques are experiencing a renaissance, thanks to the growth of the field of change management.† (Worren, N.A.M., Ruddle, K., Moore, K.,1999, paragraph 3.) Organizational development requires a change in behaviors. These behaviors, good or bad, become the organizational culture. The organizational beliefs and values start at the top of the food chain, the owners. What is important to the owner should be important to the worker in that organization. It is imperative that the owner or any organization find a way to keep his people motivated and passionate about his organization’s products. Therefore, the leadership of any organization has to ‘connect’ to develop change and organizational success. Leadership has to be viewed as the change master. An organization that wants to remain vital, must be able to deal with change. A restaurant is an excellent example of a business in a constant state of change. For some restaurants the menu can stay the same. Maybe that is what people like about the place. However, what goes on outside the restaurant can cause a need for change inside the restaurant. Roads are closed, the economy is shrinking, parking is now too difficult to bother, these are all worrisome real-life issues that any organization or restaurant might have to deal with. The restaurant cannot afford to maintain the status quo, change is simply that critical. Kurt Lewin developed the concept of force-field analysis. This philosophy is â€Å"deceptively simple and can be used to help plan and manage organizational change.† (Cumming, T.G., Huse, E.R. 1989, page 3.) Lewin believed that an organizational behavior was affected by the balance of two opposing forces. When these opposing forces are at odds, change happens. According to Lewin, there are driving forces and restraining forces. Driving forces affect and assist in the desired change. Restraining forces do quite the opposite. Restraining forces represent obstacles to the change. â€Å"If the weights of the driving and restraining forces are relatively equal, then the organization will remain static.†(Cumming, T.G., Huse, E.R. 1989, page 3.) Ownership has to remain aware of the balance of power these two forces represent for the organization. Change has to appear to always be for the good of the whole organization. People are wary of change and must be made to feel a part of its success in order to help embrace the new mindset. Lewin’s force-field analysis works as a method of environmental scanning and as a way for creating an empowering environment to the culture of the organization. The new owners have done an excellent job moving the organization forward. The efforts made to gather data and technical knowledge have been diligent. The new owners have moved forward by doing their homework. After reviewing all the necessary information, ownership has been able to assimilate all the necessary funds, materials, staff and time. As the organizational development process has moved forward, it has become obvious that the owners plan on giving their newly acquired business the tools it needs to accomplish the shared vision. This, of course, has led to the owners’ final phase of organizational development, the support of their people. At first, ownership had to tread lightly. In the beginning, it was as if the new owners wrapped their arms around us all and said â€Å"everything will be alright, just stick with us.† As the new team moved forward, some upper management was asked to leave. Time has been a good indicator of the ownerships’ dedication to the new vision and culture of the organization. Their efforts have been unwavering and very consistent. In this paper, I have detailed the importance of organizational development as it relates to my own company’s recent sale to a new group of owners. The process of organizational development has been fascinating to watch. Although the constant evaluation of all systems and actions throughout the organization has been exhausting, I believe ownership has succeeded in redeveloping a once tired and inefficient culture. Employees and managers have felt a greater sense of purpose towards the new organization. New ownership has successfully relayed a positive sense of urgency and purpose towards its existing staff and team members. The revamping of the organizational culture has brought forth a better quality employee and better quality experience for the organization’s customers. The organizational development techniques applied by the new ownership has helped to improve the profitability of both restaurants. New ownership had once touted that two additional restaurants would be opening within twelve months. Because of the success in developing organizational change, new ownership has now determined a new restaurant can be opened in only six months instead of twelve. This fast organizational growth is to be celebrated because it is a direct result of the diligent efforts of ownership and all staff involved after the transfer of ownership became official. Trust, a positive practitioner-client relationship, a successful diagnostic evaluation and change, effective communication between ownership and employees, and the importance of strategy has allowed this organization to become stronger and advance its number of concepts. In short, growth happens if organizational development is applied effectively. References: Brown, D.R., (2011). An Experiential Approach to Organizational Development (8th ed). Upper Saddle River Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved from: http://onlinevitalsource.com/#books/9780558857257/pages/31616081. Cumming, T.G., Huse, E.F. (1989), Organizational Development and Change (4th ed.) St Paul, MN: West Publishing. Retrieved from: http://jeritt.msu.edu/documents/TallmanWithoutAttachment.pc. Gandell, S., 2010, How Blockbuster Failed at Failing, Time Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.time.com/magazine/article/0,9171,2022624-2,00.html. Goldstein, L. and Burke, W. (1991), Creating successful organizational change, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 19, page 5-17. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/215864273?accountid=32521 Handy, C. (1985), Understanding Organizations, Penguin, London. Retreived from: http://search.proquest.com/business/docview/215864273/13901F6FOC3249E4570/1?accountid=32521 Lok, P., Crawford, J., (2000). The application of a diagnostic model and sur veys in organizational development. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(2), 108-124. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215864273?accountid=32521.) Salgado, S.R. (2003), Fine Restaurants: Creating inimitable advantages in a competitive industry. New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 161 p. retrieved from: http://www.search.proquest.com/docview/305261479?accountid=32521305261479. Worren, N.A.M., Ruddle, K., Moore, K. (1999.) From organizational development to change management: the emergence of a new profession. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 273-286. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/236248857?accountid=32521.

Government is Best which Governs Least :: essays papers

Government is Best which Governs Least I heartily accept the motto, "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe--"That government is best which governs not at all"; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which the will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool; for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single living man; for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves. But it is not the less necessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed upon, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage. It is excellent, we must all allow. Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished; and it would have done somewhat more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. For government is an expedient, by which men would fain succeed in letting one another alone; and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it.

Final Corporate Enterprise

Enterprise architecture is a strategic planning model of an organization. It is an important foundation that has grown from the impact of globalization and modern market dynamics. It facilitates an organization streamline technological and Information Technology (IT) strategies achieve tangible synergies and value addition in its business. There are key steps, and milestones involved in the designing and implementation of this model from the corporate current state to a final corporate Enterprise Architecture (EA).The steps, standards and guidelines involved in the enterprise architecture process are discussed below. However every enterprise has its own unique characteristics meaning that there can be no particular model of enterprise architecture that suits all enterprises. The person responsible for the development of the enterprise architecture is the enterprise architect (Feurer, 2007). Step 1: Initiate the EA Program The involvement and approval of the management of the corporat ion bears a pivotal role in this process.Therefore the initial step would be to win the goodwill and commitment of the management team (Feurer, 2007). Step 2: Establish EA governance Effective governance demands a competent decision-making process that elaborately defines the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the process as well as the desired standards to be attained. Enterprise architecture governance has five fundamental viewpoints namely: organization and roles, processes, standards and templates, tools, and key performance indicators (KPIs).The responsibility of the enterprise architect will be to; define governance principles, integrating governance into the EA and identifying the relevant governance bodies to ensure the process complies with the defined EA principles (Feurer, 2007). Step 3: Define the Architectural Approach In this step the EA team defines the bridging strategy to close the gap between the current-state and the final-state.There are six ma jor tasks in this step; to understand and utilize the enterprises operating model, draw a basic core graphic representation of the organization’s operating model that depicts the desired state of the enterprise architecture (this may require a particular template ), definition of the utilization and scope of the EA-this should be in tandem with the organization’s strategic plan, collaborate with the various stakeholders of the organization by educating the stakeholders on the benefits of the EA, the identification of the most appropriate EA framework is done at this point and lastly, the implementation of the EA is bound to demand skills that may not be currently in the organization, therefore elaborate educational and skill enhancement programs are developed at this stage (Feurer, 2007). Step 4: Develop the EA In developing the final-state EA, the basic viewpoints will have to be clearly elaborated for the purpose of accomplishing the following; collecting information and developing an information resource base on enterprise architecture in order to develop appropriate EA products as well as carry out a gap analysis and design the way forward to the final-state, defining the final-state as it would be desired (the â€Å"to-be state), document the current-state. The current-state assessment document is meant to provide the necessary information to guide the strategy to the final-state (Cashman, 2005.p 8) (See a graphic representation of current-state assessment in appendix A). Also in this step the EA products should be reviewed and updated to comply with the desired state. This is jointly done with the subject matter experts (SMEs) (Feurer, 2007). The gaps between the current-state and final-state are analyzed with the help of a gap analysis. The way forward referred to as the â€Å"migration path† is planned. It will include a step by step process of movement from the current-state to the final-state with a focus on the resources requir ed. Finally the approval and publishing of the EA is done. Step 5: Use the EA The Enterprise architecture is used as a strategic planning model of an organization.It will provide a collaboration platform for the EA team and the people who will implement it. In this step there is the promotion of the use of EA, the utilization of EA in procurement of the appropriate technological infrastructure, and lastly the implementation of the Corporation’s projects by the use of EA. Step 6: Maintain the EA The EA should be assimilated in the dynamics of the corporation’s business. It should be periodically reviewed with the view to adapt the necessary changes. Conclusion The evolving of enterprise architecture is a major step in the growing opportunities for innovation in any organization that seeks to comply with the global standards.As much as EA enhances the corporate image of an organization it is paramount that the corporation shares the lessons learnt with other organization s (Feurer, 2007). Appendix A The graphic representation above shows the current state of ICT in an organization’s department under five separate but interrelated topics (Cashman,2005. p 3). References Cashman, T. (2005). Current State Assessment: ICT Strategy Project. Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. dcenr. gov. ie/NR/rdonlyres/C7917512-C6D9-43AB-8FAF-75525AC353B0/0/ICTStrategyCurrentStateAssessment. pdf Feurer, S. , (2007). Putting the Enterprise Architect in Enterprise Architecture.SAP NetWeaver Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. netweavermagazine. com/archive/Volume_04_(2008)/Issue_01_(Winter)/v4i1a09. cfm? session Feurer, S. , (2009). Building an Agile Enterprise Architecture. SAP NetWeaver Magazine. Retrieved February 21, 2009 from http://www. sapnetweavermagazine. com/archive/Volume_03_(2007)/Issue_04_(Fall)/v3i4a12. cfm? session Kreizman, G. , & Robertson, B. , (2006). Incorpora ting security into the Enterprise Architecture Process. Retrieved February 21,2009 from http://egovstandards. gov. in/egs/eswg5/enterprise-architecture-working-group-folder/gartners-reports/incorporating_security_into__137028. pdf/download

Closed and Open Macro-Economy Systems

Closed And Open macro-economy Systems Todd Gray ECON224-1204A-04 Macroeconomics American Intercontinental University- Online In today’s business world it is important to understand the difference between an open and closed Macroeconomic system. Each time you go out to purchase a good or service you need to be aware of how your hard earned money is being distributed across the economic system. There are two types of systems that I will discuss an open system and a closed system. Closed System:In a closed system the money is caught up in a circular flow and is considered to be a closed system. When looking at the closed system you will notice right off that only the domestic exchanges are counted and the foreign agents are not counted within the closed system. In a closed system there should not be any leaks due to the fact that there are no foreign agents, government, or a system of savings or investments. Furthermore in a closed system there are no taxes, savings, or import ex penditures that are not returned to the economy.When look at examples of a closed economy you don’t have to look very far to find a good example is the Amish they produce all of what they need and only do business within their community there is no form of savings or taxes within the economic system. The goods and services are made of home grown materials and there is no imported materials used within the closed system. This is a very small system but a good example of the closed system at work. The inner flow in a closed system functions in the following way.Goods and services are delivered from the factories to the consumer and the land labor and capital is provided by the consumers to the factories. The outer flow in a closed system functions in the following way. Consumers provide the money to the factories and the factories provide the wages and rentals to the consumer. Open system: In an open economic system the good and services are counted that are exchanged both dome stically and between nations. One major difference is the introduction of leaks which can inject money into the open system.The money comes from the government, households and firms from the foreign countries that are traded with. Another type of Leak is the goods and services that the government purchases like building materials and office goods for example. The final type of leak is the money that households save it can be in the form of checking accounts or saved within the stock market and reinvested to increase the value of the money. In an open system there are a few ways that an injection of cash can happen and they are as follows.When foreign firms send wages to the United States firms and send rent payments for foreign workers staying in the United States this creates an injection within the system. The next type of injection occurs when foreign households purchase goods and services from the United States that have been produced by the American companies. In an open system the outer flow is as follows: The factories pay the employees the wages that they use to pay the rentals then the people that buy the products produced by the factories the factories then use those funds to stay in production.The inner flow of the open system works as follows: The people buy the goods and services and the factories use the money to purchase land to build more factories in order to provide for the people who are purchasing the products produced. In this same inner circle the government collects taxes from the people and the factories which is then injected back into the economy. Public services are provided to the people and the factories in exchange for the cash.A personal example of a leakage would be for myself to take the wages paid to me by my place of employment and places those wages into a savings account and not use them to purchase goods and services. A personal example of an injection would be providing a rental apartment to a foreign worker who is receiv ing the rent money from the foreign country. When I use this money to buy goods and services provided in the United States it injects that money back into the economy.References http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-closed-economy. htm

Expanding the Security Council essays

Expanding the Security Council essays Expanding the Security Council is an issue that I was thinking about for long time. Many countries believe that they should become members of the Big Five club; they demand the expanding of the council. Countries like Japan, Germany, Italy and even some under developed countries like South Africa, Egypt, Brazil and other countries want the privileges of being permanents members of the Security Council. On the other hand, the five VETO holders will not accept some other countries to hold their powers and become equal to them in the International society. As World War Two winners: The USA, The UK, France, Russia (SU) and China (Taiwan), always have the heights hand in making international decisions by having the VETO right. They decide where to send troops, they put embargoes on other countries, they make international laws, and they always protect themselves, their alias and their friends with the right to refuse and canceling any Security Counsels decision or resolutions without even giving explanations. If any resolution conflicts with what they prefer, they always click on the key word VETO. I personally believe in expanding the Security Counsel, I believe in giving the rest of the big economical and strategic countries some extra power. Yes Russia is a winner in the war, but that was 60 years ago and it is not the Soviet Union any more. Compare the Japanese economy to the Russians today and see who has more power in the actual time. Compare between the French and the German army force. Compare between the Chinese and the Italian Human rights. The None Winners back then, are not Losers now. The Five rulers countries come from only three continents, that means that three other continents are left behind with out even one permanent representative among the international law controllers. Therefore I came up with my idea and discussed it with others on what the International s ...

Essay on Graduate School Checklist

Essay on Graduate School Checklist Essay on Graduate School Checklist The preparation for an application has mainly two aspects: Preparation for examinations and for application materials. Both aspects are very important. Usually application for a university in US requires a lot of materials: 1.Transcripts: You need to request from your transcript office of your college a Chinese-English paralleled transcript or at least an original Chinese transcript accompanied with an English translation. Transcripts need to be stamped by your college and mailed to the admission office sealed. 2. Certificate of enrollment or certificate of graduation and diploma If you are still in school, you need to get the certificate of enrollment from your college. If you have graduated you need to provide the certificate of graduation and diploma. In either case you need to get these materials in both Chinese and English and stamped by your college. 3. Certificate of Financial Support Certificate of financial support is the proof of your financial ability to afford your study abroad. Usually the graduate school requires that the amount of the financial support to cover at least your spending for the first year. If possible, provide a financial proof covering the spending of 2 years. You need to ask the bank where you save you money in to issue a financial support on the condition that the money goes to a fixed deposit and that it has to be frozen for a period of time. 4.GRE/GMAT scores. You need to request ETS to send an official copy of your GRE/GMAT transcript to the program you are applying for. Both the request and the payment for this can be finished online. 5. Application form and fee Most programs now accept online submission of application form and fees. In some cases you may have to print your application and mail it to the admission office. 6. Resume/CV Resume/CV is a brief summary of your personal information, which should include biographical information, education, research, internship, working experience, extracurricular activities, honors and awards, qualifications, GRE/GMAT and TOEFL/IELTS scores, skills and specialists, etc. 7. Personal Statement Personal statement is basically an introduction of you, which describes your qualification for the program. Some programs may have their own instructions of personal statement, which usually includes

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate

Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a steel magnate, leading industrialist, and philanthropist. With a keen focus on cost-cutting and organization, Carnegie was often regarded as a ruthless robber baron, though he eventually withdrew from business to devote himself to donating money to various philanthropic causes. Fast Facts: Andrew Carnegie Known For:  Carnegie was a preeminent steel magnate and a major philanthropist.Born:  November 25, 1835 in Drumferline, ScotlandParents:  Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William CarnegieDied:  August 11, 1919 in Lenox, MassachusettsEducation: Free School in Dunfermline, night school, and self-taught through Colonel James Andersons libraryPublished Works:  An American Four-in-hand in Britain, Triumphant Democracy, The Gospel of Wealth, The Empire of Business, Autobiography of Andrew CarnegieAwards and Honors:  Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Glasgow, honorary doctorate, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The following are all named for Andrew Carnegie: the dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii, the cactus Carnegiea gigantea, the Carnegie Medal children’s literature award, Carnegie Hall in New York City, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.Spouse(s): Louise WhitfieldChildren: MargaretNotable Quote: â€Å"A library outranks any other one thing a community ca n do to benefit its people. It is a never failing spring in the desert.† Early Life Andrew Carnegie was born at Drumferline, Scotland on November 25, 1835. When Andrew was 13, his family emigrated to America and settled near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father had worked as a linen weaver in Scotland and pursued that work in America after first taking a job in a textile factory. Young Andrew worked in the textile factory, replacing bobbins. He then took a job as a telegraph messenger at the age of 14, and within a few years was working as a telegraph operator. He educated himself through his voracious reading, benefitting from the generosity of a local retired merchant, Colonel James Anderson, who opened his small library to working boys. Ambitious at work, Carnegie was promoted to be an assistant to an executive with the Pennsylvania Railroad by the age of 18. During the Civil War, Carnegie, working for the railroad, helped the federal government set up a military telegraph system, which became vital to the war effort. For the duration of the war, he worked for the railroad. Early  Business Success While working in the telegraph business, Carnegie began investing in other businesses. He invested in several small iron companies, a company that made bridges, and a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars. Taking advantage of oil discoveries in Pennsylvania, Carnegie also invested in a small petroleum company. By the end of the war, Carnegie was prosperous from his investments and began to harbor greater business ambitions. Between 1865 and 1870, he took advantage of the increase in international business following the war. He traveled frequently to England, selling the bonds of American railroads and other businesses. It has been estimated that he became a millionaire from his commissions selling bonds. While in England, he followed the progress of the British steel industry. He learned everything he could about the new Bessemer process, and with that knowledge, he became determined to focus on the steel industry in America. Carnegie had absolute confidence that steel was the product of the future. And his timing was perfect. As America industrialized, putting up factories, new buildings, and bridges, he was perfectly situated to produce and sell the steel the country needed. Carnegie the Steel Magnate In 1870, Carnegie established himself in the steel business. Using his own money, he built a blast furnace. He created a company in 1873 to make steel rails using the Bessemer process. Though the country was in an economic depression for much of the 1870s, Carnegie prospered. A very tough businessman, Carnegie undercut competitors and was able to expand his business to the point where he could dictate prices. He kept reinvesting in his own company, and though he took in minor partners, he never sold stock to the public. He could control every facet of the business, and he did it with a fanatical eye for detail. In the 1880s, Carnegie bought out Henry Clay Frick’s company, which owned coal fields as well as a large steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Frick and Carnegie became partners. As Carnegie began to spend half of every year at an estate in Scotland, Frick stayed in Pittsburgh, running the day-to-day operations of the company. The Homestead Strike Carnegie began to face a number of problems by the 1890s. Government regulation, which had never been an issue, was being taken more seriously as  reformers actively tried to curtail the excesses of businessmen known as robber barons. The union which represented workers at the Homestead Mill went on strike in 1892. On July 6, 1892, while Carnegie was in Scotland, Pinkerton guards on barges attempted to take over the steel mill at Homestead. The striking workers were prepared for the attack by the Pinkertons, and a bloody confrontation resulted in the death of strikers and Pinkertons. Eventually, an armed militia had to take over the plant. Carnegie was informed by transatlantic cable  of the events in Homestead. But he  made no statement and did not get involved. He would later be criticized for his silence, and he later expressed regrets for his inaction. His opinions on unions, however, never changed. He fought against organized labor and was able to keep unions out of his plants during his lifetime. As the 1890s continued, Carnegie faced competition in business, and he found himself being squeezed by tactics similar to those he had employed years earlier. In 1901, tired of business battles, Carnegie sold his interests in the steel industry to J.P. Morgan, who formed the United States Steel Corporation. Carnegie began to devote himself entirely to giving away his wealth. Carnegie’s Philanthropy Carnegie had already been giving money to create museums, such as the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh. But his philanthropy accelerated after selling Carnegie Steel. Carnegie supported numerous causes, including scientific research, educational institutions, museums, and world peace. He is best known for funding more than 2,500 libraries throughout the English-speaking world, and, perhaps, for building Carnegie Hall, a performance hall that has become a beloved New York City landmark. Death Carnegie died of bronchial pneumonia at his summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11, 1919. At the time of his death, he had already given away over a large portion of his wealth, more than $350 million. Legacy While Carnegie was not known to be openly hostile to the rights of workers for much of his career, his silence during the notorious and bloody Homestead Steel Strike cast him in a very bad light in labor history. Carnegies philanthropy left a huge mark on the world, including the endowment of many educational institutions and the funding of research and world peace efforts. The library system he helped form is a foundation of American education and democracy. Sources â€Å"Andrew Carnegies Story.†Ã‚  Carnegie Corporation of New York.Carnegie, Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. PublicAffairs, 1919.Carnegie, Andrew. The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962.Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. Penguin Group, 2006.

Answer three questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer three questions - Essay Example The first technological change involved for example movement from use of the keypad to development of touchpad in mobile phones for examples, to ultra-modern laptops that are easy to carry. The second type of technological change that is radical innovation can be associated with the development of high speed magnetic levitation trains. The third technological change of changes in a technological system is more focused on research in science more so on genetics, mostly by pharmaceuticals while the fourth type of technological change of techno-economic paradigm can be associated with advancement in items such as steam power, electricity and ICT (Sassen, 2012). ICT mainly belong to the fourth type of technological change of techno-economic paradigm majorly because changes in ICT have brought about tremendous changes on how economic activities are conducted, changing the face of doing business on domestic Markets by introducing a paradigm shift to global oriented business operations (Sas sen, 2012). (B) Critically Discuss The Argument That ICTs Shrink Time And Space Across The Globe. Bring Examples to Support Your Answer ICT has reduced the time and space in the globe in terms of providing a means of communication between buyers and sellers located in different parts of the globe. Jobs can be outsourced and products exported to foreign markets at short notice (Loebis & Schmitz, 2005). ICT provides input and output in the form of information on the market operating conditions, expectations from market players as well as negotiations. ICT has led to shrinking of time and space by providing the back bone of a 24 –hour global economy in which financial services across different markets worldwide are instantaneous. The financial services in a global perspective are not tied down to a physical location as information forms the main input and output (Loebis & Schmitz, 2005). ICTs have shrunk time and space across the globe by providing technologies that are digital and advanced and make communication between individuals in different parts of the globe instantaneous and seamless (Sassen, 2012). An example of this technology is voice over the internet protocols such as Skype. Computerization of financial services makes geographical location of financial capital less important. ICT continues to form the basis for business process outsourcing (BPO) as it provides the foundation for transfer of business functions such as call center management as well as payroll preparation (Loebis, & Schmitz,2005). Question 2 (a). Can Outsourcing Be The Basis Of Development And Growth For Countries Which Lie Outside The Established Global Processes Of Production? Outsourcing involves contracting of various forms of business functions to external vendors. This is necessary where a firm aims at cutting down on costs such as labor. Examples of business functions that can be outsourced include payroll preparation, billing, call center services and data entry among oth ers. Global players in the outsourcing business include India, Israel and Ireland while countries such as china and Russia have exhibited signs potential growth in the outsourcing business (Linden, Kraeer & Dedrick, 2009). Whether outsourcing can be a foundation of development and growth for countries that lie outside the established global process of production, is hugely dependent on various factors such as the government's vision and policy, the

Kingston, Maxine Hong, ed. Veterans of War, Veterans of Peace. Kihei, Essay

Kingston, Maxine Hong, ed. Veterans of War, Veterans of Peace. Kihei, Hawaii Koa Books, 2006 - Essay Example Along with the things the also carry terror, love, dignity with a poise, grief and longing. When Lt.Cross was singled out from group of Army men, O'Brien presents in detail about the inner feelings and thoughts and stress that Lt.Cross carries the lives of his men along with his things. The Story is a reflection to the thoughts of the readers about the War of Vietnam and also about the soldiers who are fighting in the war. O'Brien was shot thrice and got wounded and so he was discharged from the duty of fighting. He was ordered to serve the supplies to the men of Battalion from the company. With the transfer he was teared from the map of Vietnam. The story revolves around Bobby Jorgenson. He was in the place of Rat in the team of Army on whom O'Brien developed lot of anger. O'Brien had given importance to what soldiers do at night. He hated a lot to roam about night and delivered the pans of hatred and yearnings about Jorgenson. According to him the nights are totally different from the day as spending nights in the Army formed this opinion. The old company was so different in the night with him and all this urged to take revenge on Jogerson.

CEO Communication Analysis Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CEO Communication Analysis Memo - Essay Example If you can highlight all of these points in your report you will please all interested parties. Certainly, it can be a difficult balancing act, but it is important to appear confident and positive throughout. CEO of Nokia: Be responsible In the course of the three messages examined, the above elements appear again and again. In an annual report from a few years ago, the CEO of Nokia briskly discusses the company's values and then reviews changes made in the previous year to create value for investors and shareholders. He describes Nokia's vision as a world where everyone is connected. This is a great vision as it also communicates to investors that the company is listening to them and is responsive. The CEO goes on to speak about corporate social responsibility and how the company is looking to improve its programs relating to this in the future. This shows that the CEO is empathetic and is strongly considering the feelings of those who have a relationship with the company. It shows he understands the brand and the power of the brand. Part of a company's success is their products and profit margin, but another is how they are perceived. The job of a CEO must be to show they understand how their company is perceived both by customers and by investors. This is also reassuring to investors as it implies the company is being responsible and is willing to adapt to a changing marketplace. These are all key aspects to communicate. CEO of Samsung: Be respectful The CEO of Samsung writes similar things. He also makes sure to expressly state his gratitude to investors: â€Å"I deeply appreciate your continued support and encouragement for our success and would like to highlight our accomplishments in 2009.† Although this may sound obvious, many investors will appreciate the gesture. Again, this CEO talks about the changes that Samsung has undergone in the previous year. Of course, this is even easier to do after paying a big dividend and increasing the value of yo ur stock, as this CEO did. He continues by laying out a strategy for the future, including maximizing synergy. Investors want to know that a smart, dedicated man is at the helm of the company. They want to feel a sense of direction emanating from the report. They want confidence and courage to be displayed. CEO of Sony: Platitudes are not enough The third example which you can take a lot away from is a recent message in an annual report from the CEO of Sony. His task in this message was different than that of the CEO of Samsung. Sony was coming off a year where the company had significant losses. The purpose of his message was to convince investors that Sony was the company to put their money in. There are thousands of companies in the world, many with presences on many continents. Money is constantly shifting around between these businesses. It is the job of the CEO to keep investors' money parked in his company. Using snake-oil salesman techniques will not work on sophisticated in vestors. They are looking for transparency and accountability. This CEO explains in detail how the company will improve its performance—for example, by reducing the amount of suppliers. Investors will want concrete details of how the officers of the company plan to turn things around. Mere platitudes will not be enough. Conclusion The job of a chief executive officer is never easy. There are multiple constituents that must be pleased. There will always be

Medication Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medication Management - Case Study Example Dr. Mack's prescription could have been helpful with regards to its aim to alleviate the problems; however, most of the prescribed drugs, despite its aim to cure one problem, tend to complicate the others. Simvastatin could aggravate muscle cramps which have been presented by the patient. Simvastatin aims to lower blood cholesterol, and since the referral does not clarify if it was monitored, I would suggest that it would be necessary to do so. for the patient's worsening ischaemic heart disease, a maintenance drug such as Nifedifine (Calcigard) should be prescribed assured non-sensitive to it. However, blood pressure must be monitored because it is contraindicated to those with low systolic blood pressure. It should also be taken into consideration that Aspirin can worsen poor kidney function and breathing problems such as asthma. However, if the need for such drug persist, interic coated aspirin must be use instead; hence, the effect of Aspirin with regards, to her digestive problem (reflux) would be minimized. Ditropan despite its aim to solve stress incontinence should not be administered to patients with untreated glaucoma. Moreover, the patient presents gastric reflux that needs extra caution upon use of such medication. Seretide has been found to lower blood potassium level, thus monitoring of such blood electrolyte is necessary.

The True Relation of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance Essay

The True Relation of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance - Essay Example The common sense view that a happy worker is a productive worker is taken to be true, but several studies by Iaffaldano and Munchinsky point out that there is no strong relationship between the two (as cited in Selladurai 1991). According to Fisher (2003), no matter how pervasive is this belief in people, it is largely incorrect. But if there is any relationship whatsoever between job satisfaction and job performance, it remains to be the "Holy Grail" of researchers in Organizational Behavior. Instead of a simple relationship, Selladurai inferred that the relationship of the two is complex. We cannot simply say that there is a direct or inverse relationship between the two (Selladurai 1991). Therefore, the solution to the problem of improving job performance is not really that straightforward. In reality, job performance drives job satisfaction. An employee will feel good if he or she has performed well, not the other way around. This is the consequence of a study testing three variables: job effort, job performance, and job satisfaction. Christen, Iyler, and Soberman predict that, generally speaking, while employee effort will have a positive relationship with job performance, it will have a negative relationship with job satisfaction. Taken together, Christen, Iyler, and Soberman's results highlight the need to consider effort, compensation, and job characteristics to better understand the connections between job performance, job satisfaction, and firm performance. Moreover, their study serves to challenge the view that job performance and job satisfaction are directly related in that increasing one will improve the other. At best, they are only weakly connected. The study also suggests that if firms want to motivate and keep their best employees, taking steps to improve their job performance might help improve their job satisfaction (as cited by McFarlin 2006). On the other hand, there exist a research finding as to why there appears to be a lack of relation between job satisfaction and job performance. People think that a productive, "happy" worker has job satisfaction. This is not necessarily correct. Wright and Cropanzano (1997) opine that instead of using job satisfaction as a variable (which is a measure of attitude) that has a direct relationship with job performance; researchers should use psychological well-being or the extent that "one feels good." Well-being is a measure of affect. Accordingly, consider two workers who are dissatisfied with their work. Eventually, one performed better than the other. What's the cause One felt that he will be promoted, while the other felt that nothing will change. A similar view is expressed by Providence College researcher Michelle Jones. After reviewing the literature on the Happy Worker/Productive Worker Hypothesis, she concluded that life satisfaction must be added to the equation and this is a better indicator of job performance (Jones 2006). Her life satisfaction variable corresponds to the well-being variable of Wright & Cropanzano. From the findings of several researchers, we find that the factors affecting job performance or the factors that job performance affects include those outside the work place. An employer may help improve an employee's well-being in the work place, but it cannot do so in other contexts. Therefore, an employer no matter how unkind has no

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Public health - Essay Example In this paper, the views of different health experts such as John Snow and Florence Nightingale will put into the mirror and be compared and contrasted to those of Aggleton. John Snow concept of health and illness rotates around is research on cholera (Thomas, 1973). The spread of cholera was not his issue but the cause of the disease. He argues that the cholera was a consequence of air pollution (Chepelle, 2005). He argues that air pollution led to the development of the cholera causing bacteria that eventually affected people (Donaldson, 2005). His argument on the prevention of the disease is that for human beings to be safe they needed to live and work in an environment free from pollution. Florence Nightingale experience on social health revolves around the healing process of an individual patient. She notes that the environment is the most basic consideration that instigates the healing of the patient. Her analysis assures patients that they can only health faster when placed in a clean environment (Last, 2007). Florence’s definition of a clean environment focuses on various facilities. Foremost, she says fresh air is important as the patient will be able to breathe in and out without affecting the respiratory system (Kozier, et al., 2004). Pure water is also important to the patient as it does not carry any organism that may cause diseases (Craven & Hirnle, 2003). Proper drainage system is also praised as poor drainage may be a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms such as mosquitoes. She adds that the cleanliness is important to both the health providers and the patient. Lastly, she mentions the important of light in the healing process and notes tha t light is crucial for treatment of diseases. Aggleton focuses on the influence of the society in achieving proper health. Society for a long time has been divided into relation to the economic status of a person. Individuals in the

The True Relation of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance Essay

The True Relation of Job Satisfaction and Job Performance - Essay Example The common sense view that a happy worker is a productive worker is taken to be true, but several studies by Iaffaldano and Munchinsky point out that there is no strong relationship between the two (as cited in Selladurai 1991). According to Fisher (2003), no matter how pervasive is this belief in people, it is largely incorrect. But if there is any relationship whatsoever between job satisfaction and job performance, it remains to be the "Holy Grail" of researchers in Organizational Behavior. Instead of a simple relationship, Selladurai inferred that the relationship of the two is complex. We cannot simply say that there is a direct or inverse relationship between the two (Selladurai 1991). Therefore, the solution to the problem of improving job performance is not really that straightforward. In reality, job performance drives job satisfaction. An employee will feel good if he or she has performed well, not the other way around. This is the consequence of a study testing three variables: job effort, job performance, and job satisfaction. Christen, Iyler, and Soberman predict that, generally speaking, while employee effort will have a positive relationship with job performance, it will have a negative relationship with job satisfaction. Taken together, Christen, Iyler, and Soberman's results highlight the need to consider effort, compensation, and job characteristics to better understand the connections between job performance, job satisfaction, and firm performance. Moreover, their study serves to challenge the view that job performance and job satisfaction are directly related in that increasing one will improve the other. At best, they are only weakly connected. The study also suggests that if firms want to motivate and keep their best employees, taking steps to improve their job performance might help improve their job satisfaction (as cited by McFarlin 2006). On the other hand, there exist a research finding as to why there appears to be a lack of relation between job satisfaction and job performance. People think that a productive, "happy" worker has job satisfaction. This is not necessarily correct. Wright and Cropanzano (1997) opine that instead of using job satisfaction as a variable (which is a measure of attitude) that has a direct relationship with job performance; researchers should use psychological well-being or the extent that "one feels good." Well-being is a measure of affect. Accordingly, consider two workers who are dissatisfied with their work. Eventually, one performed better than the other. What's the cause One felt that he will be promoted, while the other felt that nothing will change. A similar view is expressed by Providence College researcher Michelle Jones. After reviewing the literature on the Happy Worker/Productive Worker Hypothesis, she concluded that life satisfaction must be added to the equation and this is a better indicator of job performance (Jones 2006). Her life satisfaction variable corresponds to the well-being variable of Wright & Cropanzano. From the findings of several researchers, we find that the factors affecting job performance or the factors that job performance affects include those outside the work place. An employer may help improve an employee's well-being in the work place, but it cannot do so in other contexts. Therefore, an employer no matter how unkind has no

Non profit organizations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non profit organizations - Article Example The main priority which is laid while performing the broad duties mostly reflects upon determining the interests of the law. Also, the duties that perform by high rank officers are framed in such a way that demonstrates legal forms of working behavior. However, the main concern in such type of organization is to generate a balanced working atmosphere. This particular aspect is developed through executing various principles related to corporate governance in non-profit organizations. The best feature about this sort of organization is that all the officers along with other employees perform their respective assigned tasks quite effectively. Also, the duties of officers in a non-profit organization are determined through following a broader framework which considers the basic objectives of such type of organizations. This way, the broad duties along with the responsibilities of all the members including the officers get prioritized in a formative manner (Twaits, 1998). This paper will broadly consider the major aspects pertaining to the broad duties of officers along with employees in non-profit organizations. In addition, the aspects will be critically analyzed, backed up with a proper review and a personal reflection of the concerned article. Review of the Item As per the studies undertaken by Andrew Twaits (1998), numerous researches and surveys have been conducted upon managing the non-profit organizations (NPOs) belonging to this modern day context. With increased level of globalization along with internationalization, NPOs have been viewed to support the community members in terms of serving their best interests effectively. It has been learned that NGOs can very well move in aligning with the needs of the society by a certain degree. With due analysis, it can be stated that the different activities of NPOs have been able to widen the expectation levels of shareholders in terms of fulfilling their respective desires. The management along with the operationa l activities that takes place in a NPO and the duties perform by the officers as well as the employees is often recognized to be quite broad. It can be apparently observed that the different tasks and the duties that are performed by the officers along with the employees deliver a high range of performance within the organizations. According to the article, it can be viewed that there exist two sorts of organization that mainly comprise ‘unincorporated association’ and ‘incorporated association’. These associations eventually lead towards governing along leading NPOs to attain their predetermined targets. In this regard, the term ‘unincorporated association’ signifies the meaning of a chamber, club, federation, society, council, league, institute, union or guild, which is fundamentally voluntary in nature. This form of association is viewed to serve the basic purpose or serving the interests of a group of people. The other form of association i .e. ‘incorporated association’ is regarded as a form of association which can be understood as a legal entity that possesses a perpetual succession and also a common seal. This form of association is considered to be highly recognizable in nature. This particular association is formed with the intent of considering all the legal attributes that are needed to be fulfilled while forming an ‘incorporated association’. Strong approval from the government is required for the formation of such

Health Insurance Essay Example for Free

Health Insurance Essay For someone like me who has no health insurance it is very hard to keep up with my healthcare, but with the new health care laws that are coming about it may be a little easier for people to stay healthy. Thesis: Healthcare is a very important part of life, it keeps people healthy, but is also non-affordable if you do not have any health insurance. A. Why is healthcare important? Longer more productive living for one To ensure a healthy body, a healthy workplace, a healthy community, and a healthy nation Community is protected from contagious disease and the loss of tax revenue from illness Our national security is threatened when our nation suffers from a lack of good health B. What has been done to improve the cost of healthcare? The Affordable Care Act (been the â€Å"the law of the land† for almost three years. Employer based coverage Companies with more than fifty employees are required to offer health insurance or pay a fine With obamacare, policies will still be regulated by the states, but the policies are required to provide minimal essential benefits, such as mental health and maternity coverage Insurance is â€Å"guaranteed issue†, meaning you cannot be turned down no matter what illness you have in your past. C. The price of healthcare. Price is determined by only four criteria Age, premium rating area, number of family members getting coverage, and tobacco use. Starting October 13,2013 you will have the ability to shop for these new individual policies on a health coverage exchange. Conclusion: As I have pointed out it takes a lot to have and keep health coverage in today’s world, but also as you can see there are some things that are coming about to make it a little easier. The new healthcare laws are just the first step in improving are healthcare system. Even though the system still has a very long road ahead of them at least it is being recognized in some way shape or form. References WWW. answers. yahoo. com/questions/index? WWW. forbes. com/sites/carolynmcclanahan/2013/03/03/obamacare-is-around-the-corner-where-will-you-buy-health-insurance-and-what-will-it-cost.

Cost of College Controversy Essay -- higher Education, college

One of the major pieces to becoming a successful business man/woman is receiving a college education. A college degree is viewed as a necessity and is slowly becoming an unreachable goal for some people. Most believe that the cost of college has been rising and continues to rise, and that the rate of increase is outpacing that of other costs (NAICU). As the cost of college rises, families have to change their way of life to be fortunate enough to send their children to college. Along with changing how families’ live, many other problems are produced in various ways. The cost of college should be lowered because it imposes a burden on parents and their children, causes some students to alter their choice of which college to attend, and prevents some students from even going to college. When the time comes to talk about college, a large number of questions arise. Although many come forward, the first question is if college is even affordable. The main problem families’ face is the difficulty to pay for college, especially with the current economy’s condition. Patrick Callan, president of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, states â€Å"Given the financial hardship of the country, it’s simply astonishing that colleges and universities would have this kind of increases† (Lewin). What if a young adult has a dream to attend a certain university in a different state? Residency regulations cause the cost of out-of-state schools to raise tuition to almost three times the cost of in-state; however, this alters many students’ decisions on where to attend college. While personally experiencing this problem, I was forced to go to an in-state school instead of following my dream and attending Auburn University. ... ... will benefit everyone by providing more opportunities for everyone to learn as much as possible, and in the end, improving our country. Works Cited "College Costs - Average College Tuition Cost." College Admissions - SAT - University & College Search Tool. The College Board. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. Lewin, Tamar. "College Costs Keep Rising." The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 20 Oct. 2009. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. Losco, Joseph, and Brian L. Fife. Higher Education in Transition. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2000. 51. Print. Middaugh, Michael F. Analyzing Costs in Higher Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000. 10. Print. "NAICU - Demystifying College Costs: What Consumers Want to Know." Demystifying College Costs What Consumers Want to Know. NAICU - National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, Aug. 2008. Web. 23 Mar. 2011.

Government: Canada And China :: essays research papers

The two countries I have chosen to compare are China and Canada. Their systems of government are very different and have different powers and rolls in their country. Canada has a system of government very similar to our own. While china's government appears to be similar as well, but it is quite different. Canada's government democratic and is parliamentary in form but, very much like our own. Like all large governments it is representative democracy. Canada has a central government designed to deal with the country as a whole. Things like national defense, banking, currency, and commerce are controlled by the central government. All other matters are left to the provinces to deal with. Such as education, hospitals, and civil rights are responsibilities of the states. The Canadian Parliament consists of two houses. Their Senate is made up of 104 members who serve until the age of seventy-five. The House of Commons is composed of 295 members who are popularly elected to serve for five-year terms. The Parliament elects the executive, the Prime Minister. Canada has a Federal system and is divided into ten provinces that have powers the way our states do. China's government is a dictatorship it is led by the communist party. A premier who is now Li Peng leads the country. The Executive powers rest in the State Council, which is headed by the premier, Li Peng. The National People's Congress is the most powerful part of China's government. Its members are indirectly elected to serve five-year terms. One representative is elected from each province for every 400,000 people, with a minimum of ten representatives from each. There are approximately 3000 representatives in China's Congress. China also has a federal government. The country is divided into Provinces, which are divided into even smaller divisions of several types. The Communist party controls the government. Other parties do exist but the Communists Party is in control of the government. Canada and China are very different States and are run by very different forms of government. The basic underlying difference between the two governments is the location of sovereignty in the counties. In China it seems as though the people do play a large part in the government, but after studying it, it is evident that the power really rests with the Communist party and the dictatorship. While in Canada the people popularly elect their representatives who elect their Prime Minister.

Marine Phytoplankton Essay

Phytoplankton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words cpur?v (phyton), meaning â€Å"plant†, and TIXay? «?q (planktos), meaning â€Å"wanderer† or â€Å"drifter†. [l] Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence f chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc. ). Contents [hide] * 1 Ecology * 2 Aquaculture * 3 Blooms * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 External links [edit] Ecology Phytoplankton are the foundation of the oceanic food chain. Of these, the best known are dinoflagellate genera such as Noctiluca and Dinophysis, that obtain organic carbon by ingesting other organisms or detrital material. The term phytoplankton encompasses all photoautotrophic microorganisms in quatic food webs. Phytoplankton serve as the base of the aquatic food web, providing an essential ecological function for all aquatic life. However, unlike terrestrial communities, where most autotrophs are plants, phytoplankton are a diverse group, incorporating protistan eukaryotes and both eubacterial and archaebacterial prokaryotes. There are about 5,000 species of marine phytoplankton. [8] There is uncertainty in how such diversity has evolved in an environment where competition for only a few resources would suggest limited potential for niche differentiation. [9] In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae are represented. One group, the coccolithophorids, is responsible (in part) for the release of significant amounts of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS is converted to sulfate and these sulfate molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing general cloud cover. In oligotrophic oceanic regions such as the Sargasso Sea or the South Pacific Gyre, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells, alled picoplankton, mostly composed of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and picoeucaryotes such as Micromonas. [edit] Aquaculture Diagrams of some typical phytoplankton. Main article: Algaculture Phytoplankton are a key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture. Both utilize phytoplankton for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or foodstock for the production of rotifers[10], which are in turn used to feed other organisms. Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aquacultured molluscs, including pearl oysters and giant clams. The production of phytoplankton under artificial conditions is itself a form of aquaculture. Phytoplankton is cultured for a variety of purposes, including foodstock for other aquacultured organisms[10], a nutritional supplement for captive invertebrates in aquaria. Culture sizes range from small-scale laboratory cultures of ess than 1 L to several tens of thousands of liters for commercial aquaculture[10]. Regardless of the size of the culture, certain conditions must be provided for efficient growth of plankton. The majority of cultured plankton is marine, and seawater of a specific gravity of 1. 010 to 1. 026 may be used as a culture medium. This water must be sterilized, usually by either high temperatures in an autoclave or by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, to prevent biological contamination of the culture. Various fertilizers are added to the culture medium to facilitate the growth of plankton. A culture must be aerated or agitated in some way to keep plankton suspended, as well as to provide dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. In addition to constant aeration, most cultures are manually mixed or stirred on a regular basis. Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton. The colour temperature of illumination should be approximately 6,500 K, but values from 4,000 K to upwards of 20,000 K have been used successfully. The duration of light exposure should be approximately 16 hours daily; this is the most efficient artificial day length[10]

Stoke Bruerne is a small village near towcestor off of the A5 in between Birmingham and London on the Grand Union Canal

There was various land owners before 1805, one of them was the ‘Saxon lord' swain son of Azor, son of lefs, Lord of Stoke, he in 1086 herd 21 houses with families of ‘villains and borders' the total value of the houses was 10 shillings a year. After swain the ‘Saxon lord' died with no heirs a Norman Noble took the land , it then passed from one family to another, it acquired the name Bruerne from sir William de Bruerne, who was a friend of both king Richard the ‘lion heart' and his brother King John. De Bruerne help the manor of stoke and also sitlehanger (shutlanger) and Aldrintone (Alderton) from William de Warenn Earl of Surrey, He was also a substantial Landowner. At the beginning of the 13th century Sir William was given the manor of Stoke Bruerne, and in 1217 he appointed the first Rector of Stoke Bruerne, named Richard de Rolf. In Stoke Bruerne the population increased from 609 people in 1801 to 823 people in 1971. Pre 1805 Stoke Bruerne was a small simple Hamlet, it had a figure of either setting, it had a church surrounded by thatched cottages, and then there was the farms in separate areas. Most of the people who lived there were farmhands and had very low wages, they also did not have much if any knowledge of other villages/towns, they also rented there houses from landowners like the Hesketh's and the Duke of Grafton, they had poor diets and eat very little meat, they eat any food that was being harvested at the time. They had a low protein die, and no access to medical care a tall so thee was high infantry mortality (baby's dieing before be fore 12 months of age) there was no dentist and low life expectancy, some people with a large enough garden would of kept chickens and maybe a pig, and would have also grown there own vegetables. The canal was built for many reasons, one of which was because of transport problems, they had some roads, but they were mostly dirt tracks, there was problems such as rain, snow and mud stopping this, also there were highwaymen who could rob you, and turn pikes slowed down traffic at nights, but stoke Bruerne was close to the A5 which was later improved by Thomas Telford. Then there was the idea of transporting good's by the sea, but there was problems such as seasonal problems like ice and driving rain, there also was all year gales, it also was quite expensive as boats sank, and there was piracy. There was another idea of using the rivers, but thee also was problems with this such as flooding and drought, tidal problems, going upstream was difficult, there was also inland piracy, and not all areas have rivers deep enough and wide enough to take a boat. The speed of the transport was varied, the horse and cart could go around 5 MPH, and so could the river boat, sea ships speeds varied on the wind speed and the direction, but the canal had the most direct route unlike the horse and cart. From London to Birmingham it was roughly 100 miles, which if you went at 5 MPH non-stop in the quickest route would take 20 hours, but the roads were not the most direct route so it would take longer, and also you needed to stop to give the horses breaks and to sleep, also non of the transport routes apart from the A5 which was built at a later date were direct. Construction of the tunnel began in 1793 and with over 3,000 men working on it covering nearly 100 miles between Brentford and Braunston, but they had poor roads and lack of instantaneous communication, this made organization very hard and put a great strain on the building of the canal, by the end of 1796 the canal had reached Blisworth from Braunston, with the 2042 yard tunnel at the Braunston summit and high embankment at Weedon and Bugbrooke then work was plannedon the long tunnel planed by jessop and bearnes to pierce the ridge on the southern side of stoke Bruerne. The preliminary work of the Blisworth tunnel started in 1703 but cutting stopped in January of 1796, local word says the tunnel collapsed but there's no factual proof of this, jessop want to go for all locks which would of in tolled 29 in all, with a short summit with reservoir's, Barnes proposed a new tunnel on a different line, he was supported with Robert Whitworth and John Barnes, the company agreed on principle but could not sanction work until 1802. After huge economic pressure the company had to act quickly, so they build a toll road over the hill in 1797, it had good benefit but was unable too meet the demands of the trade company's, so then Benjamin Outram was called in too make a tramway over the hill, it was a double track road 4 ft wide. The locks had been completed and the ancillary works, the canal now awaited the opening of the tunnel, heading from both ends met on 25th of February 1805 and final work was completed on 19th of March, the official opening was on Monday 25th of March 1805, the tunnel had in fact cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90,003 2s 4d. At 3,075 yards 2 feet, nearly à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 per yard. We see in the 1844 map how Stoke Bruerne was cut in two by the new canal and how the village street had been re routed from its ancient line along what is now chapel land to the green by the school, to now going alone its present course over the new canal bridge over the top lock. There was some buildings that changed at the opening of the canal, but some that did not change were buildings like the Church and the Rectory house, and all the cottages near the church there was also new buildings at the opening of the canal like the mill house and more pubs, also the pubs main entrance changed from the town side to the canal side. While the canal was in its ‘Golden Years' stocks went up by more then ten times in forty years, in 1801 the stocks were doubled, by 1810 then stocks had then gone up by 6 times, then by 1821stocks had raised to up too 9 times more then there first value, and then they had got raised by even more, by 1831they had gone up by 13 times, this for stoke brokers was a huge profit and brought great riches to the town and a lot more jobs, the population also had a huge raise. In 1805 the canal opened, in 1815 the Napoleonic wars were ending, in 1835 the double bridge was built for the big canal to enable traffic to get through easier, in 1838 the London to Birmingham railway was completed, and from there on the canal was failing in profits, economically the village got stronger and more social because of more people were living there and there was a higher demand for goods as many many canal boats passed through daily with there own separate needs, also the new jobs that were available were now better paid because they required a higher level of skill and they were usually very dangerous. Also there was better quality food as there was a higher demand, the food was now usually fresher, also there was a lot more meat which helped to balance there diet, and there was more dairy products, so the health of the community improved and so did the life expectancy, and infant mortality lowered. Houses also improved, houses were now cleaner, mainly because soap was now carried through Stoke Bruerne, houses were also improved with slate and bricks now that they traveled through Stoke Bruerne, houses were also warmer because coal prices lowered and people became richer to buy the coal with, some houses now also started having glass in there windows, and there was now also a ‘school pence tax' which paid for the first school in Stoke Bruerne. There was not many complaints about the canal because either they could not write a formal complain or they did not have any power to put there word forward, but one person who did complain was the Rector, he complained because his garden was cut in half, he managed to get a bridge put up so that he could go collect his fish for Fridays dinner from his pond on the other side. Many people could of complained though, because we can presume that many farmers lost all of there workers, the villagers would have been annoyed about the badly behaved navies, there would have been a lot of noise because of the building of the canal, mud in the village, and dust in the summer, there would also of been a lot of horse muck because of the canal, and also there would have been great dangers of people falling in, also villagers were not rich enough to buy shares so they would of not gained from the canal as the same ways as the land owners did, but ordinary villagers did not complain because local landowners wanted the canal and the villagers were too afraid they would lose there homes to complain. When the railway was built it hugely impacted the canal and the village of Stoke Bruerne, the canal lost shares drastically from when it was planned to up to 20 years later, it also lost much of its customers, who could now not only send there goods on the train at a faster and cheaper way, but they could also could travel with there goods to ensure there safe transport and if they fancied going to visit someone or on a business trip. In 1835 the construction of the Railway started, but also at this time they made a double lock canal to help with traffic and also to encourage more canal users, in 1838 the railway opened, the London to Birmingham Line. The Railway was built as it was a lot quicker then the canal, or any other forms of transport and that it went in a straight line near the canal, the trains traveled at speeds of around 40 MPH, and they also could carry a lot more goods then the canal, a canal carried one canal boats worth, which was not much, a train could have lots more carriages, it could carry as many carriages as it had the power to., a canal boat is about 72 feet by 7 feet, having the railway led to cheaper goods because the transport was cheaper so everyone(apart from the canal transporters) were gaining, either by cheaper transport or cheaper prices, also trains rarely suffered from seasonal problems like ice roads and flooding. Also it was cheaper too build the railway as the track was set by the canal and already surveyed, and also the canal could transport the equipment they needed like shale timber and sleepers, railways took paying passengers also which helped more money come in, also they had stations with waiting centers and loo's, towns like Birmingham grew and got bigger because they were on the main line of the Railway, but Northampton was not on the main line so it did not grow. Some social effects were the unemployment for canal workers in the village, but some of them would have gone to the railways, especially the engineers who were greatly needed on the railways, also the navies would have gone to the railways. Railways were less labor intense so there was less jobs available for it, but people could now commute to towcestor and other big towns and cites, which meant they now would all commute to there job and turn into a commuting village. In the 20th century Stoke Bruerne got a lot more popular, it had a larger tourism attraction to it because of its turn from a small village, to a village with a major canal running through it which brought a lot more customers wishing to either stay at there Inn's, eat there or just to have a break, also there was many facilities there with equipment that boatmen needed to make it through there journey, there was spare boards among other things, but all this tourism let to high traffic problems and a lot of noise for the locals who were not best pleased, there was not much parking space so some local farmers open there fields for people to park in at a higher then average price. In summer there was a lot of litter, from the many tourists that visited Stoke Bruerne, also the pubs and shops and restaurants had higher then average prices because there was no competition between anyone else because they were very far from any other places, and sometimes Stoke Bruerne was over crowded which made it an unpleasant place to visit sometimes. Also there was more noise because of children and there was dangers by the canal side, EG the towpath which they could of fell into if they were not careful, there was also more jobs gained by tourism, but they were seasonal and low paid, also now house prices have gone up in Stoke Bruerne because Milton Keynes and Towcestor were close by, and now nearly all the villagers are commuters. There was new transport routes made as the M1 opened in the early 1960's, and the Beaching Acts shut down the railways in the 1960's also which helped the canal slightly. In this section I am going to discuss the sources I used to help me complete my coursework. Extracts, by David Blagrove was written in 1991 and it is a secondary source although he would have used primary information in his research. I could say that he is bias as he is a canal enthusiast, I can prove this by saying that he does not deal with other modes of transport that were competition with for the canal in the midlands at the time e.g. Horse and cart on the A5 would have been the canals main competition. I am able to use other sources to prove Blagrove's Evidence e.g. the 1844 map shows the rector's land split in two. The second written source is by Whittaker written in 1879, although this is a secondary source it is the earliest written source available to me and he also used primary evidence, it was the only source that contained population figures but its downside is it is a re-write and having not seen the original I am unable to find out weather or not valuable information has been lost. The Last Written source I wish to discuss is written by Lawrence Wood in 1975. It is a secondary source but Wood would of have had access to primary information such as marriage, death and birth certificates and information from parish records, the biggest problem with this source is that it does not even mention the canal and really it is produced for visitors/tourist's to the church. The two maps I used were dated 1844 and 1920. The 1844 map shows the layout of the canal side in Stoke Bruerne when the canal was at its busiest showing building bridges and locks. The 1920 map shows that the barge marina had been filled in, proving the canal's decline as mentioned by Blagrove. Therefore I have been able to prove that the canal's construction through the village of Stoke Bruerne changed the village socially, peoples job's changed, physically, the centre of the village was no longer the church and financially, I can assume that living conditions and health improved and the canal company's made large profits.